What You Dont Know About Friend Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Friend Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think Each paragraph needs to be more specific than the last, introducing new parts of information, examples, and comprehensive evidence. Needless to say, it is necessary to perform both tasks from section Writing, but it does not signify that you must begin writing immediately. Stories without appropriate attribution is going to be rejected. Oh, and you need to write in full sentences in proper paragraphs without a split infinitives. Lively writing is superb. Which is why, despite the fact that the words are struck through, they can nevertheless be read. Do not copy word for word what you've already written. In the above mentioned conversation, you will observe that words in bold are actually English words. New Questions About Friend Essay Samples If you attempting to compose an essay and listing down things that the admission committee would like to hear then you're taking the incorrect move. Always place your order when you have sufficient time to permit writers do through work. The very first time you do personal OKRs is only to learn what you would like from them, and what keeps you from accomplishing the things you would like to accomplish. You may write a letter to your buddy or an update on Facebook, but there are various heights of writing. Inquire about the writers and everything that you would like to know. One of the absolute most important things I've learned during the last few years is that important questions are intended to be asked over and over again. Now it's just your responsibility to compose the fantastic story inside of you. The Appeal of Friend Essay Samples If you need a job, you've got to earn a case for yourself. What's more, give the recruiters confidence which you are an excellent candidate. If you are feeling at any time that you're not making positive progress, don't hesitate to change your action program or move your deadlines. Concentrate on the testimonials As you proceed through the site of writing service, focus on the testimonials. Introduction The very first section of an essay is the introduction. Normally, a crucial lens essay follows a normal essay format pattern. What in stantly makes the personal narrative essay stick out from the other essay types is the fact that it is written in the very first individual. A personal narrative essay must be engaging, meaning you need to include excellent ideas with the essential points of information. You don't need to compose an essay. An essay is a fairly short bit of writing on a certain topic. They are by far the single most important part of your application take them very seriously! On-line essays are costly If you are searching for good essays online, you have to be prepared to part with good money. After doing your research you will be in a position to formulate the principal idea of your essay. Researching the essay topic will allow you to determine what to write about in the essay and the way to structure it. You may use the very same standard format to compose your essay, whatever the topic or whether you've got to provide your opinion or describe the benefits and disadvantages. The essay for sale is trending now, but be sure that the organization you turn to is well worth trusting. Top Friend Essay Samples Secrets Therefore, if you struggle with using the suitable quantity of description in your writing. Doing intensive research is more than only an online search the moment it comes to academic writing. Take pleasure in the all-rounded services It is simpler to count on a writing service which features help for all sort of documents. Anyway, such on-line services also offer users with free samples of essays that anybody can preview before downloading. Even though the majority of the academic writing you will do requires different strategies, it doesn't really matter. These examples will allow you to make up your mind on where to locate a sample of a fantastic critique. In result, students will need to cite a book, which is likewise an on-line book and has three distinct authors on three unique layers. Therefore, if you learn how to think, through writing, then you'll develop a well-organized, efficient mind and one which is well-founded and certain. To the contrary, the writing ought to be laconic, but clear. Before you are able to identify with how to compose an academic piece, you should comprehend what it is. You will be challenged when you've got an academic writing piece to do. The Good, the Bad and Friend Essay Samples So whenever you are writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. Let's start with a rather straightforward conversation between two friends. So, you may definitely understand the significance of friends. All students know there isn't any talking allowed during the exam, but they are able to whisper in a secret means to some other student to acquire a needed answer.

Book Review Father And Sons By Ivan Turgenev - 859 Words

Bazarov v. Pavel Father and Sons by Ivan Turgenev is about two young men returning home from college. In the beginning readers are introduced to Arkady a young man whom on his journey home to his father has brought his friend, Bazarov. From the first meeting Arkady’s family is a little suspicious of Bazarov and have many questions for him and about him. Conversation did not start between the men until the next morning at breakfast. Nikolai (Arkadys father) had a few things to say but the real debate happened between Pavel (Arkadys uncle) throughout the early chapters. Bazarov is an interesting character is because it is made known that he is a Nihilist. Nihilism according to definition means a few things, â€Å"total rejection of established laws and institutions.† or, â€Å"An extreme form of skepticism; the denial of all real existence or the possibility of an objective basis for truth.† (Dictionary.com) The first example Bazarov shows of his Nihilism is his interactions with a young boy over a frog. The young boy is fascinated by this frog but Bazarov wants it purely to cut open for research purposes. The boy tries to explain to Bazarov that the frog is just a frog but Bazarov does not agree. He believes there is more to learn by cutting open a frog. Bazarov and his Nihilism makes the relationship between him and Arkadys uncle, Pavel an interesting one. After their first meeting Bazarov makes a few comments to Arkady, â€Å"What an oddball of an uncle you’ve got!† (Turgenev 17) HeShow MoreRelated Dostoevsky as Performer Essay4297 Words   |  18 Pageshis worldfamous books would be written (10). Joseph Frank attributes these storytellers tales of the saints with feeding Dostoevskys unshakable conviction that the soul of the Russian peasant was imbued with the Christian ethos of love and selfsacrifice (1976, 49). The Dostoevsky children were also entertained and educated with oral readings by their parents, especially during the long evenings of the Russian winter. As the family gathered in the parlor, the physician father would read aloudRead MoreEssay about Biography and Work of Guy de Maupassant4591 Words   |  19 Pageshundred short stories in the single decade from 1880 to 1890; a period during which he produced most of his other works. Five of his six novels were published during the second half of the decade. â€Å"His short fiction has been compared to that of Ivan Turgenev, Anton Chekhov, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry James.† (Encyclopedia Britanica 1012) Maupassant took as his primary goal the realistic portrayal of everyday life. He wrote about what he knew best, and that is as a peasant of his native home of Normandy

Network Topology and Factory Floor free essay sample

The worksheet for this project could be completed as follows: 1. Will this be a peer-to-peer or server-based network? Answer: The discussion of ENormInc’s requirements requires access to two separate centralized databases; this implementation obviously involves a server-based network. 2. If it’s server-based, how many servers will be attached to the network? Answer: Two servers. 3. How many computers will be attached to the network? Answer: Counting the servers, and assuming all 20 workstations are attached in each factory floor work cell, a total of 92 computers (two servers, 50 front-office employee workstations, and 40 factory floor employee workstations). 4. What applications will the office computers run? The factory floor computers? Answer: The office computers will run word-processing and spreadsheet software and client Database software to access the two databases; the factory floor computers need access only to the inventory database; each server will support its local database. 5. What topology works best for the offices given the availability of wiring closets? What Topology works best for the factory floor, given its need for constant reconfiguration? 6. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Topology and Factory Floor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What kind of connection must you use to link the Allegheny Street and Mongahela locations? Answer: The availability of wiring closets for the office workstations indicates that a physical star topology will work (and indeed, these topologies are the most commonly used in that kind of office situation); the need for constant reconfiguration on the factory floor indicates that a flexible solution is required. Normally, this requirement dictates wireless or bus topology solutions. A physical bus topology might be flexible, but it’s not nearly as flexible as a wireless topology, and physical bus topologies are obsolete. Wireless is probably the best way to go. Explanation about the print screen (packet tracer output) ENorm Inc. would do well with a Mesh Topology; it should use existing wiring closets to run the new cables needed to setup the network. It should also setup the wireless WAN to connect the two offices together. The network will be server based and will have a separate data base server at each location to handle application and data at each location, but accessible to all who need to have access to it. It should have also switches in place to handle the necessary bandwidth decide to go with. That’s all thank you†¦.

Why Is Listening the Most Difficult English Skill to Master free essay sample

There are different ways to listen a person beech, but are all the ways correct or are wrong? Perhaps this topic doesnt have a correct or a wrong way to be developed, because every person have their own listening strategies to understand what others want to tell them. The challenges that every person have when listening are: 1. New vocabulary: because If you dont know a word that someone tell you, and you cant relate It with another one, you get stuck, and you lose the rest of the Idea because you stop talking about that NEW word. . Accents dialects: theres a lot of difference speaking with a person of your same entry, than speaking with a foreign person, why? , its so simple, because they have different accent or dialect, so they pronounce a lot different the words, so if they are saying a simple sentence, it becomes a difficult one, cause you wont understand them quite well and there will be some troubles with the communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Listening the Most Difficult English Skill to Master? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3.Speech speed: theres a lot of difference between a person that speaks slow, than other one that speaks fast, even if you are used to listen a lot, its difficult to have a conversation with a person that speaks really fast. There are a lot of challenges that a person have when listening, but also there are a lot of strategies to understand better and get all the idea that the other person want to transmit like: 1. Repeat: always there will be an idea that you wont understand, so is important that if you dont get one thing, ask if they can repeat, so you can clarify that idea and understand the whole idea that was exposed. . Read first: is always smart to read before the speech begins, if you know about the topic that will be exposed, it will be easier to understand it. . Pay Attention: it is always important that if you are listening, you have to put attention to the speaker, but there will be moments that you will have to put all of your attention In the speech, like in the introduction and in the conclusion, to get the idea of what they are talking about.What I have wrote is only a little part of some challenges and strategies about listening that we will encounter In our life, personally I always have to put attention to what they are speaking, so I can get the Idea and also I have to now something before the speech, so I can relate what the speaker Is telling us, to what I have read, so is easier to get the Idea and understand better, there are a lot of strategies to Improve the listening skill, so what Is your strategy? The most used, is the easiest of all. For example, a person living in the Unit ed States dont speak like one living in Europe, why? Because in every country there are different idioms that people speak, so why people from different countries, that speak English, dont understand between them well? The answer is because they listen in a speech, but are all the ways correct or are wrong? Perhaps this topic doesnt have a every person have when listening are: 1. New vocabulary: because if you dont know a word that someone tell you, and you cant relate it with another one, you get stuck, and you lose the rest of the idea because you stop thinking about that NEW word. 2.Accents / dialects: theres a lot of difference speaking with a person of your same an idea that you wont understand, so is important that if you dont get one thing, ask n the speech, like in the introduction and in the conclusion, to get the idea of what strategies about listening that we will encounter in our life, personally I always have to put attention to what they are speaking, so I can get the idea and also I have to know something before the speech, so I can relate what the speaker is telling us, to what I have read, so is easier to get the idea and understand better, there are a lot of strategies to improve the listening skill, so what is your strategy?

Culture Clash Essay Essays

Culture Clash Essay Essays Culture Clash Essay Paper Culture Clash Essay Paper Everywhere that you will go in the world you will come across people that do not have access to adequate health care. The people that live in these situations are no better than you or I. They are being victimized for where they live and that is something that is just not acceptable. We must come up of a way to make sure everyone has access to good health care. In rural areas all over the world there is the least amount of health care. There are major health organizations in the main cities but in the lesser-developed areas people can’t get the treatment that their bodies require. These people are living with a lower quality of life and they can’t even help it. Africa is one place in the world where the people in rural areas have little to no health care. The people that live in those places have to travel great distances in order to get the treatment that they need and many people can’t make the journey. If health care were offered in these areas the people would be a lot better off. The answer to these problems is actually quite simple. Currently in South Africa there is a program called the Phelophepa Health Care Train that has treated more than 234,000 patients since it’s inception in 1994. Transnet’s Health Care Train consists of more than 15,000 kilometers of railway tracks which boxcars travel on to all the rural areas in South Africa. The main goal for this operation is that when the boxcar reaches a community they screen and give out health education for free to all individuals that wish to be there. They also give out meals to the people who cannot afford food for themselves. If a person were in need of more serious medical assistance they would just hop aboard and get a ride on the train for free to the nearest hospital that could treat them. To date more than 4,000 people have volunteered to work on the train. The Health Care Train operates every week for 37 weeks a year and they are funded from local and international donors and funders! . If the plan presented above were to take affect in all of Africa then I’m sure that it would help to do a world of difference for the people living in rural areas. These people would finally be getting the health care that they need and deserve. The quality of life in Africa would also go up and the people would be educated about health matters so the people will be less likely to get sick in the future. The rest of the world would benefit from this plan as well. People living in rural areas would have the health care available to them that they deserve. The quality of life would go up and the people would be further educated in health matters. With the people’s increased knowledge in these matters they could prevent themselves from getting sick in the future. The Phelophepa Health Care Train is a good idea and if enacted all over the world would probably solve most health care problems. This plan has been tried and tested in South Africa for more than three years now and it has shown that a plan like this has been able to work wonders for people living in rural areas. This plan should be enacted at once all over the world because the quality of life would go up and we all know how important health is.

ESL Newscast Lesson Plan

ESL Newscast Lesson Plan Media is an ever-present reality and one that students are intimately familiar with. As such, diving into the media landscape offers multiple avenues for interesting lessons that will hold students attention. You can start by studying media-related words so that students are familiar with the basics. From there, lesson plans can revolve around anything from watching news videos on YouTube to publishing a class newspaper. One activity that helps students cover a variety of media related themes is to have students create and act out a newscast. The larger the class, the more roles students can take on. Perhaps your class might even put up the final version online. ESL Newscast Lesson Plan Breakdown Aim: Develop a working knowledge of vocabulary related to mediaActivity: Creating a newscastLevel: Intermediate to advanced Lesson Activities Study media-related vocabulary covering the basics of printed and broadcast video.Discuss different roles on news broadcasts including anchorpersons, meteorologists, and sports reporters.  Compare and contrast printed and broadcast media and how they are currently used in our daily lives.Watch a video on YouTube or on TV of a typical newscast together as a class. Its not necessary to watch an entire broadcast. However, students should have a chance to become familiar with a range of reports.Watch the newscast a second time and ask students to take note of typical phrases used to introduce various reports and reporters, as well as make transitions.Review transition phrases in small groups with students matching language functions to appropriate phrases.Ask students to write out two alternate phrases for each language function.  As a class, review possible phrases. Write phrases on the whiteboard, or take note in a document to print out for students.Ask groups to read a transcript of a typical broadcast. Ive included an easy version below, but advanced classes should be able to handle actual broadcast transcripts. Next, students  script out a short newscast in groups of four to six. One student should take on the role of anchorperson, one as the weatherperson, another as a sports reporter. For larger groups, add various reporters as required. For example, one group might have a gossip reporter from Hollywood, another group might have a reporter on assignment in China, etc.  Ask students to work together to write a short newscast with each student responsible for his or her own role / report.Review students scripts as needed and help out with transitional language.Have students practice the newscast until they can deliver the news  comfortably with little reference to the script.  Enjoy the newscasts as a class. If its really good, share the newscast online.  Afterwards, repeat the fun with this lesson on writing dramatic scripts as a class. Newscaster Language Match the following purpose to the jargon phrases that follow. Once youve matched the phrases, come up with two additional phrases that might be used to accomplish the same function: Opening the newscastAnnouncing the headlinesIntroducing the weatherCutting to a commercialTransitioning to a new storyIntroducing live coverageIntroducing the sports segmentInterrupting the newscast for breaking newsUsing pleasant small talk to finish the newsSigning off from the broadcast Broadcast Journalism Jargon Excuse me, we have a developing situation ...Good evening and here is tonights important news.Hi Steve, were on the ground here in downtown ...How about that game last night!Its pretty wet out there, isnt it?Lets get out there and enjoy some of the good weather.Lets turn to a story about ...Stay tuned, well be right back.Thank you for tuning in. Well be back at eleven with important updates.Tonights stories include ...(Answer Key Below) Example News Transcript Read this transcript and take note how transitional phrases are used during a news broadcast. Once you have finished, plan your own newscast with classmates. Anchor: Good evening and welcome to the local news. Tonights stories include the story of a boy and his dog, a look at improving employment figures, and a clip of the Timbers win at home last night. But first, lets check in on the weather. Tom, hows the weather looking?Meteorologist: Thank you Linda. Its been a beautiful day today, hasnt it? We had a high of 93 and a low of 74. The day started off with a few clouds, but weve had sunny skies since two oclock. We can expect more of the same tomorrow. Over to you Linda.Anchor: Thank you Tom, yes its a wonderful time of the year. Were so lucky with our weather.Meteorologist: Thats right!Anchor: Lets turn to a sweet story of a boy and his dog. Last night a dog was left in the parking lot sixty miles away from its home. The dogs owner, a boy of eight, tried everything to find Cindy. Yesterday, Cindy came home and scratched on the front door. John Smithers has more. John?Reporter: Thank you Linda. Yes, little Tom Anders is a happy boy tonig ht. Cindy, as you can see, is now playing in the backyard. She arrived home after having come more than sixty miles to reunite with Tom! As you can see, theyre overjoyed to be reunited.Anchor: Thank you John. Thats good news indeed! Now, lets check in with Anna for a look at last nights Timbers victory.Sports reporter: Timbers hit it big last night. Beating the Sounders 3-1. Alessandro Vespucci scored the first two goals, followed by Kevin Browns incredible header in the last minute.Anchor: Wow, that sounds exciting! Well, thank you everyone. This has been the evening news. Newscaster Language Answer Key Interrupting the newscast for breaking newsOpening the newscastIntroducing live coverageIntroducing the sports segmentIntroducing the weatherUsing pleasant small talk to finish the newsTransitioning to a new storyCutting to a commercialSigning off from the broadcastAnnouncing the headlines

The Post-Washington Consensus policies should be completely abandoned Essay

The Post-Washington Consensus policies should be completely abandoned and countries left to choose their own development paths. Discuss - Essay Example nomic level to be adopted by these developing states, especially the Latin American states and the ex-communist bloc, to help them come out of the dire economic crisis. The main idea behind the propagation of the ideals behind Washington Consensus implied that there would be fre flow of capital across borders, including the free flow of services along with the goods, increasing market efficiency by monitoring and assistance via International Financial Institutions i.e. the IMF (International Monetary Fund). However, during the 1990`s the definition and the context of the Washington Consensus was revised, and consequently what is now being termed as the â€Å"Post-Washington Consensus† was deemed as a product of this development. As opposed to the earlier definition, where the ideals of Washington Crisis were being adopted for the well-being of the developing states, the ideals now being implemented were rather aimed at dictating biased policies on the part of the IFI`s with th e sole purpose of maintaining their status quo which is now being rejected by the mainstream intellectual community in the developing world. The Post-Washington Consensus must policies must be replaced by a progressive set of policies, considering the needs and economic feasibility of the developing world. Also, instead of imposing the neo-liberal policies on the Global South, the states must be left with an option to adopt a set of policies more suitable to their socio-economic setup. The Post-Washington Consensus was inherently flawed in understanding the basic economic structure of the developed states, and adopting generic measures for intrinsically complex state of affairs governing in each setup (Jomo & Fine 2006). Thus, the tools and techniques being applied in this context failed to produce desired results, and thus the wave of disappointment amongst the economically weaker states was instigated. Also, instead of coming off as industrially developed nations, these states turned into

Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand management - Essay Example Specifically that brand aims at reaching out for the professional class, which can afford to purchase and maintain this brand of vehicle (Spiggle, Nguyen, & Caravella, 2012). The company has diversified its models to fit the various demands of their target customers by manufacturing small and bid body size cars, all body types. Apart from being a part top-class vehicle, Mercedes model is preferred for its safety features. Mercedes-Benz has invested a lot on the safety of their vehicles by considering its high quality brakes, stable body structure and installation with airbags for sensitive impacts. This makes it ideal for its target class, who consider safety as a priority while selecting a vehicle brand. The originality of the vehicle makes its one of the most unique automobile brands in the automobile industry. For instance, its body type is unique and different from that of competitor companies. As depicted in the company’s website, the model takes the body of a â€Å"chicken† that is complex to define and hence unique only to the company. Uniqueness is a feature that the upper-class associated with style and fashion of an automobile (Whitson, R 2013). This is the major reason why this brand has received a lot of favoritism from the professional class. Over 80% of the purchases of the Merc edes-Benz brand prefer it for its optimal fashion design. Quality is an important aspect of the Mercedes-Benz brand that makes its preferable by its target customers. Although its repair and maintenance are expensive, it does not demand for frequent repair and maintenance, hence giving a desirable service to its users. The physical appearance makes it a likeable brand. Mercedes-Benz has a shiny appearance that reflects its classy design and style which makes it admirable from a far. Technology is another important aspect of the brand that makes it a favorite for the youths in the middle. For instance the

Influence of Music Essay Example for Free

Influence of Music Essay Music and radio has roots in American culture and the way society is today. The different types of music genres have shaped American culture and social behavior of Americans. Audio media has had a major affect and influence on the attitudes of Americans and especially today’s youth and young adults. Music and radio has given American culture its values, the way that jazz, blues, and RB created rock roll, music created American culture. Music appeals to young adults, and youth as an escape to the hard times of real life. Drawn by the explicit lyrics and beats, the youth always searches out for music to dance to and music to connect with. American culture has been steadily changing due to music and what is known as pop culture. The need to be accepted in a certain social group has a lot to do with music. Music brought a cultural shift in the race segregation, black artists playing music with white artists and for mixed audiences. American culture before the 50’s was a strict segregation culture and music allowed for the barrier to be broken. Artists using sexual innuendoes and other antics changed what was the norm of morals and values and put a more â€Å"lax† outlook on such things. Music has influenced the openness of sexuality and sexual orientation. More and more artists are open about their sexuality, making it more of a normal thing in American Culture. Being gay used to be shunned, and now it is openly celebrated. All of these things are because of music. The radio started playing what was known as â€Å"race† music on white stations and this made it so a lot of different Americans can hear and be exposed to a broad range of music. Becoming more acceptable rock and roll, punk, and hip hop have had an impact on the teens and young adults of American culture. The 80’s brought the rebelliousness out of teens with punk rock music, while the 90’s hip-hop has had a big effect on fashion and attitudes of people. Music has shaped American culture in many ways, a way of expressing one’s opinions and bringing groups of people together with similar ideals and opinions. A way of bringing what was different cultures together and making one culture, The American Culture. Rock and Roll is a genre of music that has forever changed the social behavior of Americans. Rock and roll has influenced American culture in the daily life, fashion and attitudes of most Americans. Rock and Roll broke the race barricade, forming in a time of a civil rights movement. Rock and roll was a new form of music that encouraged desegregation. Evolving black artists and white artists playing black music, rock and roll changed the way American culture accepts what was once taboo. Rock and roll put a perception of sex, drugs, and alcohol to be accepted and what is considered â€Å"cool†. Artists singing about doing drugs, or hooking up with random woman made it something to be idolized. Rock and roll influenced young adults to engage in risky behavior. Now is American culture, these things are almost considered normal. Rock and roll shaped fashion and is continuously changing fashion. Fans copy styles of their favorite artists as a way to express one’s self. From ripped up, tight, or baggy pants, long hair, colored hair, or shaved heads, the fashion is always changing. Some fashions coming back and making another appearance in American culture, a lot of fashion comes from Rock and roll. Piercings and tattoos once forbidden, is becoming more and more acceptable in American culture. It is not strange to see business people and stay at home moms with tattoos. Rock and roll has influenced this change in American culture and tattoos are â€Å"normal†. Rock and roll artists have changed the way sexuality and sexual orientation is looked at. Rock and roll has made it okay to be gay and okay to dress how someone wants. Rock and roll has given the care-free attitude to young adults. American culture has changed into a â€Å"screw society, morals and values† type of attitude, based on what rock and roll has made society. Rock and roll has given a sense of community to certain groups of people who share ideals and values, and brings them together into a certain setting. Rock and roll has had a major effect on social behavior of Americans and American culture. Music does affect social behavior and attitudes of Americans. Music gives people an outlet to express their opinions. Audio media has links to American cultures in every decade, changing and molding American into what it is today. Since the 1700’s even, people have sought out music as a way to connect to others. Audio media is an ever changing thing, which will always reflect on the social behavior and attitudes of Americans.

Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger :: Ragged Dick Horatio Alger

Ragged Dick by Horatio Alger      Ragged Dick is a novel written in the 1800’s by Horatio Alger.   It is a story about a young boy named Richard Hunter, also known as Ragged Dick, as he progresses though his childhood.   Ragged Dick is a typical Rags to Riches story where Dick struggles through the hardships of city life, trying to achieve the â€Å"American Dream†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a child, Dick is nothing more than a poor city boy who is trying to earn money on the streets of New York City.   He spends his time shining shoes for working men, making only about ten cents a pair.   Although he works and struggles to remain an honest, hardworking boy, he also gets caught up with smoking cigarettes and gambling.   Through Dick’s shoe-shining business, he tends to meet lots of people.   Each and every day is another learning experience for Dick.   There are many times when Dick’s integrity and honesty are tested, yet being a boy of good trust, he never cheats anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As time goes on, Dick eventually meets a young boy named Frank, who is of a wealthy family, but is not at all familiar with New York City.   Dick makes a very intelligent proposal;   he offers to show Frank all around the city, and take him to all the famous places.   Young Frank accepts the proposal, and in exchange, his uncle buys Dick a new suit, and helps him clean himself up.   This was the real turning point in Richard Hunter’s life because Frank’s family was able to help young Dick.   They did this by providing shelter and more importantly, friendship for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this point forward, Richard Hunter was no longer on the streets, and was determined to never look back.   He was able to get a job, earn more money, and eventually succeed in achieving his dreams.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While reading this book, I really was able to put myself in the story, and live Dick’s life with him.   This typical story of â€Å"Rags to Riches†, is a general theme for many people’ lives.   Today, as well as back in the 1800’s when the story was written, many everybody’s dream is to achieve success.   This formally became known as â€Å"The American Dream†.   Although this may seem strange for everyone to have the same idea, it really isn’t when you look at it with an open perspective.

The Base Stock Model

The Base Stock Model 1 Assumptions ? Demand occurs continuously over time ? Times between consecutive orders are stochastic but independent and identically distributed (i. i. d. ) ? Inventory is reviewed continuously ? Supply leadtime is a fixed constant L ? There is no fixed cost associated with placing an order ? Orders that cannot be fulfilled immediately from on-hand inventory are backordered 2 The Base-Stock Policy ? Start with an initial amount of inventory R. Each time a new demand arrives, place a replenishment order with the supplier. An order placed with the supplier is delivered L units of time after it is placed. ? Because demand is stochastic, we can have multiple orders (inventory on-order) that have been placed but not delivered yet. 3 The Base-Stock Policy ? The amount of demand that arrives during the replenishment leadtime L is called the leadtime demand. ? Under a base-stock policy, leadtime demand and inventory on order are the same. ? When leadtime demand (invent ory on-order) exceeds R, we have backorders. 4 Notation I: inventory level, a random variable B: number of backorders, a random variable X: Leadtime demand (inventory on-order), a random variable IP: inventory position E[I]: Expected inventory level E[B]: Expected backorder level E[X]: Expected leadtime demand E[D]: average demand per unit time (demand rate) 5 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder – backorder level 6 Inventory Balance Equation ? Inventory position = on-hand inventory + inventory onorder – backorder level ? Under a base-stock policy with base-stock level R, inventory position is always kept at R (Inventory position = R ) IP = I+X – B = R E[I] + E[X] – E[B] = R 7 Leadtime Demand ? Under a base-stock policy, the leadtime demand X is independent of R and depends only on L and D with E[X]= E[D]L (the textbook refers to this quantity as ? ). ? The distribution of X depends on the distribution of D. 8 I = max[0, I – B]= [I – B]+ B=max[0, B-I] = [ B – I]+ Since R = I + X – B, we also have I–B=R–X I = [R – X]+ B =[X – R]+ 9 ? E[I] = R – E[X] + E[B] = R – E[X] + E[(X – R)+] ? E[B] = E[I] + E[X] – R = E[(R – X)+] + E[X] – R ? Pr(stocking out) = Pr(X ? R) ? Pr(not stocking out) = Pr(X ? R-1) ? Fill rate = E(D) Pr(X ? R-1)/E(D) = Pr(X ? R-1) 10 Objective Choose a value for R that minimizes the sum of expected inventory holding cost and expected backorder cost, Y(R)= hE[I] + bE[B], where h is the unit holding cost per unit time and b is the backorder cost per unit per unit time. 11 The Cost Function Y (R) ? hE[ I ] ? bE[ B] ? h( R ? E[ X ] ? E[B]) ? bE[ B] ? h( R ? E[ X ]) ? (h ? b) E[ B] ? h( R ? E[ D]L) ? (h ? b)E ([ X ? R]? ? h( R ? E[ D]L) ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? 12 The Optimal Base-Stock Level The optimal value of R is the smallest integer that satisfies Y (R ? 1) ? Y ( R) ? 0. 13 Y ( R ? 1) – Y ( R) ? h ? R ? 1 ? E[ D]L ? ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ( x ? R ? 1) Pr( X ? x ) ? h ? R ? E[ D]L ? ? (h ? b)? x ? R ( x ? R) Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x? R? 1 ? ( x ? R ? 1) ? ( x ? R) ? Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b)? x ? R? 1 Pr( X ? x) ? h ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R ? 1) ? h ? (h ? b) ? 1 ? Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? b ? (h ? b) Pr( X ? R) ? ? ? ? 14 Y ( R ? 1) – Y ( R) ? 0 ? ?b ? (h ? ) Pr( X ? R) ? 0 b ? Pr( X ? R) ? b? h Choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies Y(R+1) – Y(R) ? 0 is equivalent to choosing the smallest integer R that satisfies b Pr( X ? R) ? b? h 15 Example 1 ? Demand arrives one unit at a time according to a Poisson process with mean ?. If D(t) denotes the amount of demand that arrives in the interval of time of length t, then (? t) x e t P r( D ( t ) ? x ) ? , x ? 0. x! ? Leadtime demand, X, can be shown in this case to also have the Poisson distribution with (? L ) x e L P r( X ? x ) ? , E [ X ] ? L , and V ar ( X ) ? ? L . x! 16 The Normal Approximation ? If X can be approximated by a normal distribution, then: R * ? E ( D ) L ? z b /( b ? h ) V ar ( X ) Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) V ar ( X )? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) ? In the case where X has the Poisson distribution with mean ? L R * ? ? L ? z b /( b ? h ) ? L Y ( R *) ? ( h ? b ) ? L ? ( z b /( b ? h ) ) 17 Example 2 If X has the geometric distribution with parameter ? , 0 ? ? ? 1 P ( X ? x ) ? ? x (1 ? ? ). ? E[X ] ? 1? ? Pr( X ? x ) ? ? x Pr( X ? x ) ? 1 ? ? x ? 1 18 Example 2 (Continued†¦) The optimal base-stock level is the smallest integer R* that satisfies Pr( X ? R * ) ? b b? h ln[ b ] b ? h ? 1 ln[ ? ] ? 1? ? R * ? 1 b ? ? R* ? b? h b ? ? ln[ ]? ? * b? h ? R ? ln[ ? ] ? ? ? ? 19 Computing Expected Backorders ? It is sometimes easier to first compute (for a given R), E[I ] ? ? R x? 0 ( R ? x ) Pr( X ? x ) and then obtain E[B]=E[I] + E[X] – R. ? For the case where leadtime demand has the Poisson distribution (with mean ? = E(D)L), the following relationship (for a fixed R) applies E[B]= ? Pr(X=R)+(? -R)[1-Pr(X? R)] 20

Audi Case Study

[pic] EVALUATE A COMPANY’S COMPETITIVE POSITION AND MARKET POTENTIAL IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY CASE STUDY: AUDI [pic] Team members: 1. NGUYEN Ngoc Khanh Chi 2. NGO Thi Nam Phuong 3. HUYNH Thi Bich Son 4. NGUYEN Truong Thinh 5. CHAU Ngoc Son Vu 6. DOGIELSKI David 7. NGUYEN Quoc Tuan TABLE OF CONTENT I/ FRAME WORK (Thinh)4 A. IDENTIFY THE STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT WITHIN AUDI AG4 B. SELECT SBU AND MARKET FOR THIS SBU4 C. SELECT PERIOD OF TIME FOR THIS SBU’S MARKET4 II/ ANALYSE COMPETITIVE POSITION AND MARKET POTENTIAL5 A. DEFINE THE COMPETITIVE SCOPE (Thinh)5 B. EVALUATE THE INTENSITY OF THE COMPETITION (VU)7 1.Determine the phase of the life cycle of the auto industry. 7 2. Competitive topology8 3. Entry barrier9 4. Evaluate competitive intensive10 C. EVALUATE THE COMPANY’S COMPETITIVE POSITION AND ITS MARKET POTENTIAL (PHUONG)10 1. Diagnose the company’s strengths and weaknesses using the value chain10 2. Benchmark the company performance by comparison with the industry leaders13 III/ MAKE RECOMMENDATION FOR COMPANY DEVELOPMENT14 A. PROPOSE A GENERIC STRATEGY (PORTER 1980) (DAVID)14 1. Diffentiation or Cost Leadership? 14 2. Industry wide or Particular Segment? 15 B. SELECT AN INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY (SON)15 . Select an internationalization strategy15 2. Audi 2010:16 3. Audi 2015: keeping and improving the same strategy16 C. STUDY THE RELEVANCE OF A COOPERATION STRATEGY (CHI)17 1. The current situation of Audi AG’s symbiotic marketing strategy:17 2. Recommendation for Audi AG’s symbiotic marketing development:17 D. PRESENT A MARKETING PROCESS (TUAN)20 1. Market segmentation:20 2. Target marketing strategy20 3. Position the company and/or product21 E. GIVEN MAIN ORIENTATION FOR THE MARKETING MIX (TUAN)21 I/ FRAME WORK (Thinh) A. IDENTIFY THE STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT WITHIN AUDI AG Potential SBU |Organization profile |Industry mode |Demand dimension |Supply dimension | |Compact car |special skill |Most of the parts bought through |city-dwellers |Specialized | |(A1, A2, A3) |decentralize |VW’s central purchasing unit |entry level |Direct competitor (Mini, DS3)| | | |(benefit from economy of scale) |single | | |Medium car |special skill |high quality part only |luxury consumer |Specialized | | |decentralize | |Direct competitor (BMW, | | | | | |Mercedes) | |Big car |special skill |high quality part only |luxury consumer |Specialized | | |decentralize | | |Direct competitor (BMW, | | | | | |Mercedes) | |Sport car |Special skill |High quality part only |Young, excited, sportive hobby|Differentiation focus | | |Centralize | |Very niche market |Direct competitor (BMW, | | | | | |Mercedes) | There is no different for medium-sized car and big-sized car SBU so Audi is segmented into three SBUs: i) SBU 1: premium compact car ii) SBU 2: premium car (medium- and big-sized cars) iii) SBU 3: Sport car B. SELECT SBU AND MARKET FOR THIS SBU ? SUB: SBU-2 premium car ? Market: China market C. SELECT PERIOD OF T IME FOR THIS SBU’S MARKET Product life cycle of a premium car is about 4 year and today is 2010 so we will study in the period of time: 2010 – 2015 II/ ANALYSE COMPETITIVE POSITION AND MARKET POTENTIAL ? The Macro Environment of Chinese automobile industry analysis: PESTEL framework |Opportunities |Threats | |Political |Political stability |Entry mode regulation: joint-venture with < 50% | | |WTO |shareholding for foreign partner | | |Policy to encourage the automobile industry |High import tariff to protect domestic industry | | |development | | |Economic |Economic booming, high GDP growth, rising disposable |Rising oil price | | |income ( car purchasing power increase |Economic downturn | |Social |Large population |Culture difference between Western and China | | |Chinese like to buy luxury product to show their | | | |success | | |Technological |Chinese puts high effort on research and development |   | |Environmental |Green car |   | | |Low fuel consumptio n | | |Legal |   |Law is not very clear | | | |Lack of transparency | | | |Intellect right is not respected highly in China | A. DEFINE THE COMPETITIVE SCOPE (Thinh) Way of gaining C. A |Many |Fragmented Industry |Specialized industry | | |Few |Dilemma industry |Volume industry | |   | |Small |Big | |   | |The size of C. A | The number of way for Audi to gain the competitive advantage is many through the complexity of the product. It also has great advantage in technology, innovation, high quality of service. So Audi selects the specialized industry. Key Success Factor | |2010 |2015 | |High technology & innovation |Stronger | |Top service |Stronger | |Adaptation |Stronger to meet local customer expected | |Brand equity |Stronger, do not enter price war | ? Industry analysis Poster’s Five Forces – China Market P5F |2010 |2015 | |Threat of Entry |High threats: |Weak threats: the same | | |High profit market attracts new firms |High threats: same 2010 plus: | | |China is in its developing phase of automobile |- Hyundai, Tata (acquired the Jaguar and Land | | |life-cycle |Rover brands), Geely (Chinese firm) (acquired | | |Attracting policy for FDI |Volvo) will move to this segment. | |Weak intellectual property laws |Sump up: high threat for new entrance | | |Weak threats: | | | |High investment for set up mass production | | | |facility | | | |Germany firm and Audi itself is very strong and | | | |reputation | | | |Regulation ambiguous | | | |Regulation about environment ==> increase R&D cost| | | |Sump up: moderate threat for new entrance | | |Threat of Substitutes |Used car: weak |Weak | | |Public transportation: weak | | | |Switching cost: high | | | |Sump up: Weak | | |Bargaining power of buyer |Backward integration: low |Bargaining power of buyer is moderate | | |Switching cost: low | | | |Buyer independence: moderate | | | |Buyer size: moderate | | | |Sump up: bargaining power of buyer is weak | |Bargaining power of supplier |Utili zing VW network (economy of scale): |Weak | | |bargaining power of supplier is weak | | |Market competitor |  Moderate |High | [pic] B. EVALUATE THE INTENSITY OF THE COMPETITION (VU) 1. Determine the phase of the life cycle of the auto industry. Most of the Western car market enters into saturation stage. In Europe and USA, specifically there is a high â€Å"motorization rate† (car per family and car per persons) and the demand is almost entirely constituted by replacement purchase. In reverse, China market just come to development stages with blooming in sale. In the year 2010, at the first time, China market reaches nearly the same ratio with Germany. [pic] Source: Audi (2010) Annual Report, p. 132 2. Competitive topologyIn order to build competitive topology, we choose 2 most KSF of Audi in Chinese market: Market penetrative level and Brand Equity. [pic] Volkswagen Group, the owner of Audi, is one of the earliest automobile manufacturers has production in China. In 1991 , FAW and the Volkswagen Group decided to set up a joint venture under the name ‘FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company† to manufacture of the Audi 100 model. This early penetration in Chinese market help Audi get a big advantage of knowing exactly Chinese consumer, customize its designs to cater to Chinese tastes. The two main other competitors, BMW and Mercedes manufactured in China quite late (2004 and 2006) when Audi already had a strong position in China local market.According to researcher IHS Automotive, the market share of Audi by 2010 is 31% while Mercedes and BMW is only 21% and 21. 6%. [pic] Source: IHS Automotive China already generates the fattest profit margins for German luxury carmakers because customers in China typically purchase higher-end models than buyers in the U. S. or Europe do. Slowing economy and rising fuel prices have led to a glut of cars in Chinese showrooms this year, forcing dealers to cut prices. Among luxury brands, Audi still keep the high price and prevent to joint into price war while other especially, Mercedes has been offering the steepest discounts, according to car pricing website cheshi. com.With the high price level, Audi prove their strong position in China market which focuses on the level of product to show up their social position. 3. Entry barrier a. High technology, costly to R. While German automotive industry already built up a high standard quality, high technology feature, it take a lot of effort for rising up competitors from Korea as Hyundai to catch up the high-tech race and R need to be invested a huge money b. Strong brand recognition of German car â€Å"With anything in China, the first mover gets more,† Thomas Callarman, director of the Center for Automotive Research at the China Europe International Business School in Shanghai said that.This is true to automotive industry; people are just more familiar with Audi. It will take a lot of time for another competitors to build up the brand recognition to China market especially the one not come from Germany. That make Audi have a unique advantage that make any other competitors very difficult to follow, that is the time. It has a strong position brand name in China market in a very long time for premium car. c. Bottleneck in the production and distribution. By 2015, Mercedes plans to double its annual production capacity in the world’s biggest automobile market to 200,000 vehicles annually, though that won’t be enough to keep up with its rivals.BMW plans to quadruple potential output to 400,000 and Audi is seeking to more than triple capacity to 700,000 by the middle of the decade. This will make Audi keep the advantage in distribution car to customer in the shortest time if compare with other. 4. Evaluate competitive intensive As China market is booming, the distance between each strategy group is not so closed. The strategic freedom is medium; there is always chance for other to join into higher group. However, the entry barrier at this period 2010-2015 seem difficult for other groups to move to higher, we can conclude that the Competitive Intensive is medium mean each strategy group is chasing each other aggressively but the chance for all to get market share is the same in this blooming market. C.EVALUATE THE COMPANY’S COMPETITIVE POSITION AND ITS MARKET POTENTIAL (PHUONG) 1. Diagnose the company’s strengths and weaknesses using the value chain |VALUE CHAIN |STRENGTH |WEAKNESS | |Research and Development |No information | | |Design of Products, Services,|(++++) | | |or Processes |Audi has always introduced the newest technology to China with worldwide standard | | | |apply for Audi. | |Production |(+++) |(-) | | |Manufacturing of Audi in worldwide | | | |[pic] | | | |New assembly hall in China | | | |Together with the Chinese joint venture partner China FAW group corporation | | | |(Changchun, China), Audi AG opened a new assembly hall at the Chinese production | | | |plant in Changchun in fall 2009. The long-wheelbase version of Audi A4 & The Audi A5 | | | |are now built there to the same high standards that apply throughout the Audi | | | |production system worldwide.The addition of a new hall has boosted the location’s | | | |manufacturing output to 200,000 cars annually | | |Marketing & Sales |(+++) |(-) | | |In fiscal year 2009, the Audi brand delivered 950 thousand vehicles to customers | | | |worldwide, down 5. 4% on the previous year. In Western Europe, sales figures fell by | | | |11. 8%. The downturn on the US market was 5. 7%, which was less than the figure for the| | | |market as a whole. By contrast, the brand recorded a significant growth rate of 32. 9%| | | |on the Chinese passenger car market. | | |AUDI BRAND | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |2009 | | | |   | | | |2008 | | | |   | | | |% | | | | | | | |Deliveries (thousand units) | | | |   | | | |950 | | | |   | | | |1,003 | | | |   | | | |–5. | | | | | | | |Vehicle sales | | | |   | | | |1,183 | | | |   | | | |1,275 | | | |   | | | |–7. | | | | | | | |Production | | | |   | | | |924 | | | |   | | | |1,022 | | | | | | | |–9. | | | | | | | |Sales revenue (â‚ ¬Ã‚  million) | | | |   | | | |29,840 | | | |   | | | |34,196 | | | |   | | | |–12. | | | | | | | |Operating profit | | | |   | | | |1,604 | | | |   | | | |2,772 | | | |   | | | |–42. | | | | | | | |as % of sales revenue | | | |   | | | |5. 4 | | | |   | | | |8. | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | | |China is the largest foreign market of the company, there was an appreciable rise in | | | |the volume of deliveries of 32. 9% to 158,941 Audi vehicle demand for the long | | | |wheelbase models developed specially for the Chinese market, the Audi A4 L, & A6 L, | | | |was particularly high in the year under review.The Audi bra nd consequently cemented | | | |its leading position in the Chinese premium segment last year | | |Distribution |(+++) |(-) | | |146 local franchisees by the end of August 2009 | | |Customer Service |(+++) |(-) | | |Audi CSI Ranking is 836 in comparison with middle point is 817 | | | |[pic] | | | |Source : J. D. Power Asia Pacific Reports 2009 | | 2. Benchmark the company performance by comparison with the industry leaders Thanks to its generic strategy, Audi is now the leader in delivering premium ars to customers in China market (source: â€Å"Audi in China† – Audi China President report, 2012) Audi image in China market [pic] III/ MAKE RECOMMENDATION FOR COMPANY DEVELOPMENT A. PROPOSE A GENERIC STRATEGY (PORTER 1980) (DAVID) 1. Diffentiation or Cost Leadership? As Audi has chosen â€Å"to target a clientele which can be characterized by its high incomeLevel†, the best strategy to adapt in the generic strategy is Differentiation Strategy: – â€Å"Aud i seeks to differentiate itself from its competitors through the technological superiority of the models it sells and by the quality of the service offered, which applies to all dealerships, everywhere in the world†. |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Cost Leadership |Mass production |Brand seen as cheap and low cost | | |Customer less requiring about quality | | |Differentiation |Good Image of the Brand |Expensive to produce | | |Customer less sensitive to price |Need to have always a good quality production| PRODUCT QUALITY : Audi wants to apply the same standards at the international level in order to build a uniform brand image and respond to the demand of a mobile clientele. 2. Industry wide or Particular Segment? The target customer segment is not really price-sensitive. In China, the purchasing power is low but a fragment of the population is able to buy an Audi Car. However, it is not a particular segment like Rolls Royce or Ferrari. Audi’s target is the rich Chines e class, and so we chose Industry wide. |Advantages |Disadvantages | |Industry wide |More potential customers |Brand not seen as the best existing | | |A large quantity produced, economy of scale | | |Particular Segment |Brand seen as very special |Not possible to make scale economy | | |Customer not sensitive to price |Few potential of customers | Audi was the first â€Å"premium segment† manufacturer to produce vehicles in China, in 1988. It gives an advantage on the Chinese Market, and a leadership position compared to its competitors. B. SELECT AN INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY (SON) 1. Select an internationalization strategy i) Evaluate the advantage and drawbacks of the adaptation policy and the standardization policy: | |Advantages |Drawdown | |Final Sale Made in Germany |Costly (Labor costs in Germany is very | | |Protect know how |high) | | |Quality control |Risky | |Foreign Direct Investment |Saving cost |No made in Germany | | | |No profit before long term | ii) Pr opose an internationalization strategy: transnational strategy |GLOBAL STRATEGY |TRANSNATIONAL STRATEGY | | |Audi 2010 and Audi 2015 | |INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY |MULTINATIONAL STRATEGY | 2. Audi 2010: TRANSNATIONAL STRATEGY AUDI â€Å"Premium† Brand (2010 and 2015)Principle Market: Germany, Europe (not including Germany), Emerging Markets (China, Russia), United States. Reference norm: Global Developmental logic: Standardization and Adaptation (Apply the same standards at the international level) Principal modes of internationalization: Exporting, International Joint ventures and Owned Subsidiaries. 3. Audi 2015: keeping and improving the same strategy With transnational strategy, it will help Audi create competences of global relevance, responsiveness to local condition and innovation and learning on an organization –wide scale. It responds specifically to the challenges of globalization and tends to have a high proportion of fixed responsibilities in the horizontal l ines of management.If it is to work, the transnational structure must have very clearly defined managerial roles, relationship and boundaries. That means, Audi should adopt the geocentric orientation. The employees are recruited from all over the world, so that the best people are recruited to solve global problems. Audi will have to try to develop both global differentiation and global integration between headquarter and foreign subsidiaries. The focus is therefore to gain the potential advantages of an integrated company, and to gain the advantages of differentiation in product offerings. The alignment between Transnational Strategy and Audi’ profile is below: |Concentrated decision making power |Dispersed decision making power | |High interdependence between | |Transnational Strategy | |activities | | | | | |Geocentric Orientation | |High interdependence between | | | |activities | | | C. STUDY THE RELEVANCE OF A COOPERATION STRATEGY (CHI) 1. The current situation of Audi AG’s symbiotic marketing strategy: |LATERAL COOPERATION |OUTSOURCING COOPERATION | |(Alliance) |(Sub-contracting) | |None. POLYTEC GROUP to manufacture some of Audi’s engine components for Audi | | |A4, A6, A8†¦ | |CORRELATION COOPERATION |ELECTRIC COOPERATION | |(Co-branding) |(Sponsoring/New products) | | | | |A â€Å"Bose HiFi Audi car†: customer can enjoy a high-quality sound |Movies sponsoring: | |system provided by BOSE in Audi cars. |Audi sponsored â€Å"Iron Man 2† and created the â€Å"Tony Stark Innovation | |Audi’s Google-enhanced navigation system (Google Map, Google |Challenge† contest. | |Street View, Google Navigation). |Audi sponsored â€Å"Knight and Day†:  Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz drove the | |Apple’s button on steering wheel or in the dashboard of Audi cars |S5 Cabriolet. | |for connecting to Apple’s Siri-based â€Å"Eyes Free† solution (coming |Sport sponsoring: | |in 2013. |A udi Cup 2011 with 04 famous soccer teams: Bayern Munich (GER), AC | |Audi – UNICEF joint programs in several activities: emergency |Milan (ITA), Barcelona (SPN) and SC International de Porto Alegre | |giving, fund-rising (esp. in China market) |(BRA), of which three first teams are members of Audi's international | | |soccer family. | | |Bayern Munich's basketball team joined the football players in flying | | |the flag for Audi brand. | |Charity donation: | | |Emergency giving: During China's 2008 Sichuan earthquake emergency, | | |Audi donated US$2,205,107 for UNICEF’s relief effort and long-term | | |recovery needs of children. | | |From 2005, Audi sponsored a fundraising project ‘Audi Driving Dreams’ | | |in China, to support UNICEF efforts to provide children with access to | | |sports, recreational activities and a variety of activity-based | | |lessons, through which they can realize their fullest potential within | | |society. | |Envir onmental activities sponsor: | | |AUDI AG provides backup for the â€Å"Oak Forest† research project with the | | |Bavarian State Forestry and the Chair of Forest Yield Science at the | | |Technical University of Munich | (Source: Audi annual report 2011, UNICEF website, Audi website, Polytech website) 2. Recommendation for Audi AG’s symbiotic marketing development: Alliance cooperation: Currently, Audi does not have any kind of alliance with other partner outside Germany (except for a joint venture FAW-Volkswagen Group set up in China).Audi AG is a strong and well recognized brand name for premium high-end car, so in this time it is important o maintain the high homogeneity of their standard and image by ‘standing alone’ and not with an alliance with other automobile makers. Outsourcing cooperation: Besides outsourcing engine parts and car interior parts, Audi should outsource their customer service to the local service providers. Outsoaring such serv ices such as customer care and/or car maintenance-repairing service is not only provide Audi owners the standardization quality of Audi services worldwide; but also provide the customized local values, especially in important foreign markets such as U. S, China, or Great Britain. Correlation cooperation:By co-branding with leading names in other industries, Audi will continue to confirm its premium quality of the automobiles, for example, high-quality sounding system from BOSE, or Audi’s Google-based map and navigation. This collaboration will provide a convenient and interesting driving experience to the Audi owners. [pic] An Audi-Bose sound system & speaker inside an Audi A4 (Source: internet) Electric cooperation: For Audi, electric cooperation such as sponsoring for social activities, especially in their important market such as China or U. S, is very important not only for marketing strategy but also for showing their commitments to the development of the society.Audi sh ould involve more in many kinds of social activities as recommended below: ? Blockbuster movies production (Hollywood movies) ? Sport games / sport tournaments (such as Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro Cup) ? Charity donation & fund raising event (such as UNICEF fund for children, or poverty relief funds) ? Music event (such as Beijing Music Festival, Audi Summer Concerts ) ? Environmental activities (such as forest research program) ? Safe driving campaign (together with the local government) Participating in such above activities will prove the commitment of Audi AG about corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards the society.Those activities would also bring back the good result to Audi: supporting to penetrate Audi image to the market, increase the goodwill of people towards the company, and bring them the potential customers in the future. D. PRESENT A MARKETING PROCESS (TUAN) 1. Market segmentation: | |China |Western Europe |NAFTA |JAPAN |Central eastern Europe | | | | | | |and South America | |Automotive industry |Growing |Maturity |Maturity |  Maturity |Growing | |trend, demand and |Stagnation |Stagnation |Stagnation | | |production | | | | | | |Competitors |New competitors coming |Traditional |Traditional |Traditional |Traditional competitors | | |due to emerging process |competitors |competitors |competitors | | 2. Target marketing strategy From the market segmentation and information, China is most attractive market (consist of 13. 5% of global market) in front of Central Eastern Europe (9. % of global market) and South America (7% of global market), Western Europe (market maturity, decreasing demand), NAFTA (market maturity, decreasing demand), Japan (market maturity, decreasing demand). Therefore, Audi should target to maximize their volume of products, new products and profit in China Market and Central Eastern Europe (including Hungary market) and South America. On the other hand, Audi should also maintain their position, products i n the other markets to control their traditional competitors. Audi should adopt the selective specification strategy while the several marketing mixes are implemented in different segments. The same product is marketed differently in different segments. 3. Position the company and/or product Perceptual (Positioning) map: [pic] E. GIVEN MAIN ORIENTATION FOR THE MARKETING MIX (TUAN) P(Product) |Create new models of car with innovative technology (brand new). | |P (Price) |Economies of scale and try to use maximum advantage of supporting from Volkswagen Group to have maximum | | |savings in production. | |P(Distribution) |Coverage maximum China market and central eastern Europe and south America and try to maintain market in | | |remaining areas. | | |Joint venture and/or 100% subsidiaries approach should be considered. | |P (Promotion) |Enhancement of personalized customer service. | |Attend every professional trade shown in every market area, especially in China and Central Eastern E urope;| | |South America. | ———————– Fit and Finish Serviceability Reliability Name [pic][? ][lmnorsvw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡? e? O?  ©?  ©Ã¢â‚¬ [email  protected]$JIhJ5OJQJ^Jh$JIho5h$JIhJ55? OJQJh$JIhuF? 5? OJQJhuF? 5? OJQJhJ55? OJQJ(j{:h$JIhA OJQJU[pic]mHnHu[pic](h$JIh ±-N5? B* CJOJQJaJphâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬(h$JIhA 5? B* CJOJQJaJphâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬(h$JIhirM5? B* CJOJQJaJphâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬h$JIhAConformance to Specifications Durability Performance AUDI BRAND IN CHINA Features 31% Audi BMW 21. 6% Mercedes 21% 21% Other 2004 Brand Equity High High Low Market penetrate level

How to write the perfect interview thank you note

How to write the perfect interview thank you note Someone wise once said, â€Å"Saying thanks costs nothing but gives everything.† If you’re a jobseeker who’s currently going through the interview process, it can also help you to gain everything, especially that coveted position. Sending a job interview thank you note within 24 hours of a meeting isn’t just good manners; it can be the act that ultimately secures you the role. Not only do follow-up notes serve to remind hiring managers of your exchange, but they also show prospective employers that you really want the job and that you’re the sort of polite, committed individual they want in their workforce. In other words, follow-up notes are a must-do, and with National Thank You Note Day coming up soon on December 26th, now is a particularly good time to start thinking about how best to express gratitude in a letter or email. Because to really have an impact, you need to go beyond simply saying, â€Å"Thanks for your time†. Let’s loo k at how to craft post-interview correspondence that sets you apart from the competition.1. Lay the groundwork.You should ideally write a personalized job interview thank you note to every individual who set aside time to meet with you – if there were five people on the interview panel, best practice would dictate that you craft five separate letters. To make this easier for yourself, try to get each person’s business card at the end of the interview, or if this isn’t possible, ask your main contact for the other interviewers’ full names and email addresses before you leave.2. Make your â€Å"thank you† sincere and specific.It’s important that your issue of thanks feels genuine and not like something you’re just checking off a list. To make it sound sincere, don’t stop at â€Å"Thanks for meeting with me today.† Rather, pick out and mention one or two specific things you truly appreciated about the exchange. Maybe the in terviewer went out of their way to make you feel relaxed. Maybe they patiently answered all of your questions at the close of the interview. By calling out these particulars, you show that you noticed, and place value on, the effort they invested in the conversation.3. Reference a unique, memory-jogging detail.Hiring managers typically interview a bunch of candidates for a single vacancy, and they’ll likely receive a heap of thank you notes, too. So, when your letter appears in their inbox, they might not immediately recall who you are. Remind them by making reference to a part of the discussion that was (most likely) unique to you. For example, perhaps you discovered that you share a favorite author or attended the same university. Or maybe you found yourselves chatting about an exciting new industry development for a solid 10 minutes. Allude to this in your job interview thank you note to make sure that your face pops into the recipient’s mind when they’re rea ding it.4. Show that you were really listening.Employers want to hire someone who can hit the ground running – someone who really understands what the company needs and what would be required of them as an employee. In most interviews, hiring managers will cover these sorts of details. Show that you were paying attention, and that you genuinely care about the position, by speaking to a few of the key points that the interviewer shared with you. Illustrate that you’re familiar with the goals and challenges that the organization is currently facing, and then go one step further by highlighting how your skills and experience position you well to help them achieve their objectives.5. Reiterate your interest in the position.In the same way that you might leave a meet-up wondering what the interviewers think of you, they might walk away wondering how you feel about the role, now that you’ve learned more details. Use your job interview thank you note to reassure prospe ctive employers that you’re still enthusiastic about the position. Express your genuine interest by pulling out specifics about the role and company that really appeal to you, but be careful not to overdo it.6. Invite a response.Close your note by encouraging the recipient to contact you if they have additional questions or need extra documentation from you in order to make a decision. You could also politely request interview feedback. This way, interviewers will be pressed to follow up, and you’ll (ideally) keep the lines of communication open and your name top of mind.7. Pay attention to formatting and tone.In today’s digital age, it’s absolutely fine to send your job interview thank you note in email form (unless the company you’re applying to is old-school, in which case a handwritten letter would be better). Either way, make sure the tone and language you use is professional, and format the note like you would a formal business letter, with a ppropriate opening and closing salutations. Remember to proofread for spelling and grammatical errors, and finally, keep the note as a whole succinct – while hiring managers will appreciate a â€Å"thank you,† they probably won’t take kindly to having to wade through an epic story.LiveCareer  offers assistance to jobseekers at every step of the journey. Access free  resume templates  and  resume examples, plus a free  resume builder  and advice on how to answer  interview questions  of all stripes.

What Does “Competitive Salary” Mean

What Does â€Å"Competitive Salary† Mean Sometimes the vocabulary of job searching all seems to blend together into a confusing jumble. Have you seen the phrasing  Ã¢â‚¬Å"competitive salary,† and not been quite sure what it means? Let us help. Competitive salary simply means that the salary they’ll offer will be equal to or more than the industry standard for similar jobs in the same geographical area. That makes it easy to estimate if you do a bit of field research. It also means this company might be more open to salary negotiations. Or that they keep their salary information confidential to protect their employees; i.e. you’ll find out when you’re hired. It also might mean that the company is trying to weed out candidates who are only in it for the money. You might also see the terms â€Å"negotiable salary† or â€Å"market rate.† Those terms usually mean the same thing.It’s Not All in the NumbersRemember: in places where supply is lower than demand, the going rate, or â €Å"competitive salary† will be higher. And also keep in mind that there are other forms of compensation in a package, like benefits. One company might offer a lower salary than another, but more than make up for that in the benefits they are willing to provide.Determine Your GoalsIf you’re looking for a job, the most important things to consider are what you need to support your life. Do your research into the going market rate in your region. Then figure out what the minimum is you’d need to make. Don’t forget to consider things like benefits. What would insurance cost in your state if not subsidized by your employer? How much paid time off would you want in a given year- and how much would that be worth, given the rates? Will this company contribute significantly to a 401k?Once you know what you need, or want, you’ll reach an appropriate moment to bring this up with your potential employer- usually not before the second interview, or when an off er is made at the latest. One option is to wait and see whether the employer brings it up first and saves you the awkwardness of finding a way to steer the conversation in that direction. Once you find your moment, inquire about the compensation.Be StrategicOnce you have your answer, and it’s not quite enough, realize you might not get what you ask for. But don’t walk away! Use what you’ve learned about the â€Å"market rate† to gently and respectfully see if they are willing to negotiate. If you’re the candidate they want, chances are that if they can, they’ll try.Remember: Don’t sell yourself short if you don’t absolutely have to. Stay strong and get your needs met- that way you won’t resent your employer down the line.

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management accounting - Essay Example But, desirability and effectiveness of accounting for organization control is a critical issue because accounting procedures consists of few integrative devices of organizations where business activities are not only drawn together by values but those are integrated in a quantitative manner. So, accounting is most efficient tool of organizational control system where standard qualitative procedures are followed to evaluate qualitative performance of the organizations for management control over the organizations. These facilitates other external stakeholders of the organizations like investors, creditors etc. for their valuable financial decision making which are highly depends on actual performance of the organizations. So, this study analyzes the effectiveness or relevance, desirability, faithfulness or reliability of accounting information for management control over organizations. Introduction Organizations show stable and consistent types of behaviour in interaction with the bus iness environment which is consistently changing. They have wide range of external influences from external business environment but have enough capability to change internally to protect their integrity. This stability and flexibility of organizational internal behaviour and control possess through effective and integrative control mechanism. One of the most important control mechanisms of organizational is internal accounting system. This consists of integrative process of accounting for implementation of accounting information in management control. So, management accounting systems has major importance in organizations as it consists of some integrative mechanisms that are capable for summarizing the qualitative effect of organizational actions or activities in quantitative values. This study review the major functions of accounting information that helps the management in the area of integrative process of organizational control. Efficient accounting provides integrative langua ge for analysing the impact of diverse internal and external influences on organizations that have substantial positive or negative impact on organizational performance. Nature of organizational control with respect to implication accounting information is qualitatively reviewed in this paper to assess the necessary conditions for control. These conditions are derived and applied in management control. Main objective of accounting policy is to produce fair valued accounting information that is highly reliable and relevant to the purpose and objectives of financials statement (WBS, 2012). The extent of desirability and effectiveness of accounting information are analysed with respect to management control and strategic decision making process. Further, scope of faithful or reliable accounting information on organizational control by management is also analysed. Again, measurement process of organizational performance both quantitative and qualitative is analysed with reference to the implication of relevant and reliable accounting information in organizational performance measurement and essential internal reconstruction with respect to change in external business environment. Desirability and Effectiveness of accounting information for organizational control There are two broad purpose of accounting information, external and internal. External purpose includes the investment decision making by the shareholders and potential new investors of an organization, credit

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective Essay

Counter Terrorism in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example Terrorism has over the years become one of the most pressing and complex issues facing various governments. Despite the attempts made to solve the problem, terrorism still remains a crucial threat to national and global security. The objectives of counterterrorism are to neutralize terrorist cells and operatives and minimize the probability of a terrorist attack. The analysis of the threat of exposure and response to terrorism acts is a collaboration between different institutions of the state such as investigative, prosecutorial, and law enforcement institutions (Setty 2010, p.152). This paper puts UK’s and Spain’s counterterrorism policies into perspective. The comparative analysis spotlights controversial aspects in counterterrorism such as detention devoid of trial, excessive surveillance, and deportation of suspected terrorists. The analysis borrows from intertwining axes of legal norms (emanating from international as well as national perspectives) and the associa ted political tenets. However, the success of counterterrorism efforts is not clear cut as they can thrive in a certain country and fail in another. Amnesty, conciliation, repression, legal reform, and restriction, are some of the counterterrorism strategies that states can adopt. United Kingdom Counterterrorism Strategy The UK has a long and chaotic history of fighting domestic and foreign terrorization such as conflicts between Irish Republican Army (IRA), which had escalated in the 1970’s, but largely resolved in 1998. However, the UK has recently been grappling with home grown Islamist extremists. UK counterterrorism strategy can be traced back to the legislation of the Prevention of Violence Act 1939. The Terrorism Act 2000 substituted the earlier counter terrorism policies with a bold policy (Sidel 2007, p. 170). This policy was followed by the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, which featured after 9/11 attacks. The prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 was drafte d post 7 July 2005 London bombings. The Terrorist Act handed the government enhanced powers for suppressing terrorists and their sympathisers. It also instilled coherence in the country’s anti-terrorist legislation (Orttung & Makarychev 2006, p. 4). Counterterrorism laws in UK elevate the rule of law, as well as the call for preservation of civil rights and liberties for terrorist detainees pursuant to criminal prosecution. The judicial scrutiny encompasses whether reasonable grounds exist to charge the detainee with a terrorist offense. The terrorism Act 2000 initially instituted a seven-day period but subsequent amendment accommodated a maximum of 14-day detention without trial in the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Sidel 2007, p. 166). In 2006, the UK government sought to extend the pre-charge detention to 90 days but was scaled down to 28-day limit as established in the Terrorism Act 2006. The UK government has continued to register its preference to extend the pre-charge peri od. Nevertheless, the constitutionality and the efficacy of the extension have come under heavy attack from human rights activists. The pre-charge detention has produced mixed results with lingering questions on efficacy, safeguarding of rights and contribution to national security, observance of rule of law, and institutional legitimacy. Ever since the July 2005 terrorist attacks, the

Estimating the Damping in a Single Degree of Freedom System Lab Report

Estimating the Damping in a Single Degree of Freedom System - Lab Report Example The movements include free response and forced response. Free response is made as a result of initial conditions while forced response is made as a result of outgoing input to the system. Free response in this context consists of oscillations at a particular frequency which is natural. When there is no dumping in the situation, the oscillation continues in the system indefinitely. When there is dumping, the 1 Degree of Freedom undergoes decaying oscillations. Forced response in 1 Degree of Freedom consists of vibrations that occur at a frequency which is majorly dictated by the input of force. Force response increases when there is also an increase in input. When there occur an initial transient portion of response, the steady state response contains an oscillation which is at the same frequency as the input. The amplitude and phase in this situation depend on the frequency of input. The main requirements in the experiment include an oscilloscope, a potentiometer, a variable dumping unit, a digital weighing scale, a helical spring and signal amplifier, Experiment can be carried out for a free a free vibration and forced vibration. For this laboratory, a mechanical strip-chart recorder is to be used to capture the free vibration motion of a simple single-degree-of-freedom system. The strip-chart recorder consists of a marking pen a fixed to amass carriage, which is movable in the vertical direction, and a continuous strip of paper which, when driven by a rotating drum, moves in a horizontal direction past the pen. A drawing of the single-degree-of-freedom system, with the strip-chart record The forced vibration will be provided by a shaker, which is driven by a sine wave function generator. The system is attached to the shaker plate and then forced into motion. The motion is sensed using two accelerometers, one attached to the base and one attached to the upper portion of the system.

Effects of Yoga on Life Satisfaction and Stress

Effects of Yoga on Life Satisfaction and Stress Literature Review and  Results Chapters Contents (Jump to) Literature Review Results Discussion Conclusion Literature Review Carlson, Goodey, Patel and Speca (2003) studied the effects of mindful-based stress reduction on quality of life, mood and stress in those with breast and prostate cancer. The MBSR programme was found to be associated with enhanced quality of life and decreased stress with low cortisol levels (Carlson, Goodey, Patel and Speca, 2003). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased life satisfaction and reduced stress. Culpepper, Davis, Eisenberg, Phillips and Saper (2004) conducted the first U.S. national yoga survey on 15 million Americans who had practiced yoga at least once in their lifetime, in order to identify the relationship between yoga practice and life satisfaction. 3.8% of this population were in the age range of 18 to 55 years and had practiced yoga for over one year. These individuals were found to score higher on life satisfaction than those who had tried yoga only once (Culpepper, Davis, Eisenberg, Phillips and Saper, 2004). From the above study it was inferred that individuals who had practiced yoga for over a period of one year were significantly more satisfied with life than those who had practiced yoga only once. Lee (2004) studied the relationship between Hatha Yoga practice and subjective well-being between beginners who practiced yoga from one to ten months and advanced Hatha yoga practitioners who practiced yoga for at least two years. 107 adult Hatha yoga practitioners participated in the study that practiced yoga consistently, at least twice a week for an hour. Advanced Hatha yoga practitioners were found to have higher levels of subjective well-being on the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale than the beginners (Lee, 2004). From the above study it was inferred that regular practice of yoga led to higher life satisfaction, positive affect and spiritual well-being. Bijlani (2005) studied the effect of a yoga intervention on 98 subjects with chronic illnesses and high risk for cardiovascular diseases who practiced yoga for 3 to 4 hours for 8 days and were later tested on subjective well-being and anxiety scales. It was found that subjective well-being increased and anxiety decreased significantly after the practice of yoga (Bijlani, 2005 cited in Carson, King and Koenig, 2012). From the above study it was inferred that yoga practice increased life satisfaction and reduced anxiety. Daubenmier, Hirschman and Impett (2006) conducted a study to examine the potential of yoga to promote embodiment and well-being (life satisfaction) on 89 participants pursuing a 2 years yoga course. After the course and on completing a short survey assessing life satisfaction in many domains, it was found that women objectified their bodies less after participating in the programme. Also, men and women had increased body awareness, positive affect and higher satisfaction with life as well as decrease negative affect with more frequent yoga practice (Daubenmier, Hirschman Impett, 2006). From the above study it was inferred that the practice of yoga increased satisfaction with life along with an increase in positive affect and increased body awareness. Dehen, Flegal, Haas, Kishiyam, Okena and Zajdel (2006) in U.S.A. studied the effects of six months of Hatha Yoga intervention on cognition and quality of life of 135 healthy older people, aged 65 to 85 years who were randomly assigned to the yoga intervention group and the wait-listed control group. Results indicated that the yoga group had significant improvements on cognitive and quality of life measures than the wait-listed control group (Dehen, Flegal, Haas, Kishiyam, Okena and Zajdel, 2006). From the above study it was inferred that yoga practice increased quality of life as well as cognition functioning. Geher, Otte and West (2006) researched the effects of Hatha Yoga on stress and life satisfaction on a U.S. population of 168 individuals in the age range of 20 to 40 years. 94 yoga practitioners who had practiced yoga for more than a year were significantly more satisfied with life and had lower cortisol (stress hormone) levels than the 74 individuals had completed only three sessions of Hatha Yoga (Geher, Otte and West, 2006). From the above study it was inferred that long-term yoga practitioners were more satisfied with life on and had lower stress levels than beginners of yoga. Kirstein (2006) studied the effects of 10 weeks yoga intervention on postural control, spasticity, mobility and quality of life of 12 patients with Multiple Sclerosis aged 30–76 years who practiced yoga twice a week for 70 minutes. Significant differences between the pre and post intervention scores suggested that yoga was a valuable alternative to other exercises for Multiple Sclerosis patients because of the improved scores on all scales (Kirstein, 2006). From the above study it was inferred that yoga intervention increased postural control, mobility, quality of life and decreased spasticity. Vito (2007) evaluated the effects of Hatha Yoga in relieving the psychological and physical symptoms of 25 female breast cancer patients aged 25–60 years, who were alternatively assigned to a twice weekly, 8 week yoga group and a wait-list control group. Questionnaires were administered before and after the yoga intervention. The yoga participants showed significant improvements in all outcome measures with a decrease in fatigue and negative mood as compared to the wait-listed control group (Vito, 2007). From the above study it was inferred that yoga increased quality of life simultaneously decreasing symptoms of cancer. Bijlani, Gupta and Sharma (2008) studied the effect of an 8-day intensive yoga intervention on 77 subjects’ subjective well-being who were randomly assigned to the yoga group and the control group. Using the Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SUBI), the yoga group reported significant improvements in the areas of general well-being, expectation and achievement, confidence in coping, and mental mastery along with less worry and better abilities to cope with stress, and thus scored higher on subjective well-being than the control group (Bijlani, Gupta and Sharma, 2008). From the above study it was inferred that a yogic lifestyle increased subjective well-being. Duncan, Leis and Taylor-Brown (2008) evaluated the impact and outcomes of Iyengar Yoga in a Cancer Centre on 24 participants aged 38 to 57 years on measures of quality of life, spiritual well-being and mood disturbance. They were taught yoga and practiced it for 90 minutes per day for ten weeks. On comparing the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL) before and after intervention scores, quality of life and spiritual well-being significantly improved with a reduction in mood disturbance (Duncan, Leis and Taylor-Brown, 2008). From the above study it was inferred that the practice of yoga increased quality of life and spiritual well-being, and regulated mood. Thomas (2008) examined the relationship between adopting a yogic lifestyle and subjective well-being on 152 Australian yoga students aged 30 to 50 years. Those who undertook an intensive Satyanand Yogic training (incorporation of Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga and Hatha Yoga) for two years scored higher on the Satisfaction With Life Scale and the Personal Wellbeing Index than those who only attended a weekly programme (Thomas, 2008). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased satisfaction with life. Havalappanavar and Jadhav (2009) studied the effect of yoga on subjective well-being and anxiety on 50 first year students from Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences Course aged 20 years and above. The Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Subjective Well-being Inventory were administered before and after one academic year with the practice of yoga. A significant decrease was found in both state and trait anxiety levels and positive changes in subjective well-being with an impressive ascend in life satisfaction scores after the yoga intervention (Havalappanavar and Jadhav, 2009). From the above study it was inferred that the yoga intervention reduced anxiety levels with an increase in life satisfaction. Maharana, Nagendra, Raghuram, Rakhshani and Venkatram (2010) studied the yoga effects on quality of life and interpersonal relationships on 102 pregnant women who were randomly assigned to two groups; 51 each to the integrated yoga group and the antenatal exercises (relief from back pain) (control) group, both for one hour, thrice a week. Results indicated that there were significant improvements in quality of life and interpersonal relationships in the integrated yoga group compared to the antenatal exercise group (Maharana, Nagendra, Raghuram, Rakhshani and Venkatram, 2010). From the above study it was inferred that integrated yoga effectively improved quality of life and interpersonal relationships. Moliver (2010) studied yogic effects on subjective wellness ad well as physical and psychological wellness in 393 women, including 211 yoginis (female yoga practitioners) who had more yogic experience than the rest aged 45 to 80 years. It was found those with more yoga experience scored higher on physical wellness, subjective vitality and life satisfaction scales than those with lesser yoga experience (Moliver, 2010). From the above study it was inferred that life satisfaction, physical well-being and subjective vitality increased with greater yoga experience. Ulger (2010) studied the effects of 8 hourly sessions of yoga on the quality of life in 22 breast cancer patients aged 30 to 50 years. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-II to measure anxiety and its permanence respectively, and Visual Analog Scale to measure life satisfaction were administered before and after yoga training. Patients’ quality of life after yoga was found to be higher with decrease in stress than before training (Ulger, 2010). From the above study it was inferred that yoga training can diminish stress and increase quality of life. Choudhary and Rathore (2011) studied the impact of 6 months of yoga on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction on 60 individuals who were given the Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) before and after the completion of the yoga training. Results revealed that yoga increased life satisfaction and emotional intelligence before and after yoga intervention. Also, females had higher scores on both tests than males after practice of yoga (Choudhary and Rathore, 2011). From the above study it was inferred that consistent practice of yoga increased life satisfaction. Reis (2011) studied the effect of a 6-week prenatal yoga intervention in late pregnancy and its changes in optimism, power and well-being on 21 women. Tests were administered in the first week and after the yoga intervention. Optimism, power and well-being had significantly increased from the first to the sixth week of the yoga practice (Reis, 2011). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga promoted optimism and well-being. Woodyard (2011) explored the therapeutic effects of yoga to increase quality of life on 404 individuals aged 20 to 40 years who had newly enrolled for six months of yoga. Results showed that yoga enhanced individuals’ muscular strength and body flexibility, promoted and improved respiratory and cardiovascular function, promoted recovery from and treatment of addiction, reduced stress, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain, improved sleep patterns, and enhanced overall well-being and satisfaction with life than they previously experienced (Woodyard, 2011). From the above study it was inferred that satisfaction with life along with overall well-being increased with the practice of yoga. Seldin (2012) studied the effects of yoga on female body experience on factors such as self-objectification and self-acceptance on 7 American women aged 25-49 years who had consistently practiced yoga 4 times a week for 2-12 years. The self-objectification theory stated that expectations of physical and sexual body appeal resulted in poor body image. In 2004, Myers and Sinclair’s study established a link between poor body image and lower life satisfaction in adulthood among women. Using a semi-structured interview format, most women acknowledged decrease in body dissatisfaction and self-objectification after several years of yoga practice which was also directly related to higher marital, familial, occupational and other life satisfaction variables (Seldin, 2012). From the above study it was inferred that the practice of yoga increased self-acceptance and satisfaction with life with a reduced dissatisfaction with body image. Chartrand, Haussmann, Khalsa, Mika and Moliver (2013) studied the effect of yoga practice as a predictor of psychological well-being on 211 female yoga practitioners between 35 and 60 years of age. Some who had practiced yoga for 10 years had higher life satisfaction and positive health outcomes compared to those who had practiced for only 2 months. Increased yoga experience predicted increased psychological well-being for those who intended to practice yoga throughout their lifetime (Chartrand, Haussmann, Khalsa, Mika and Moliver, 2013). Subjective well-being reduces in midlife years and rise in old age. However, the practice of yoga has shown to increase emotional well-being and life satisfaction in both midlife years as well as old age despite material and social losses (George, 2010). From the above studies it was inferred that yoga increased life satisfaction with age due to prolonged practice. Lucia (2013) studied the effects of yoga on psychological and physical wellness, and subjective well-being on 372 individuals aged 18-85 years. The participants were divided into yoga practitioners group and the control group who engaged in non-yoga exercises. Results indicated that yoga participants had higher psychological wellness and subjective well-being than the control group with no significant differences in physical wellness (Lucia, 2013). From the above study it was inferred that yoga participants experienced higher levels of psychological wellness and subjective well-being than non-yoga participants. Margaret (2013) studied yogic effects on the quality of life and functional performance of older adults. 135 individuals aged 60 years and above participated with 71 subjects in the intervention group and 64 in the control group. After 12 weeks of intervention, significant improvements were found in the quality of life and functional performance of the yoga participants. According to observations made in the study, the high attendance rate implied that yoga was preferred to medications (Margaret, 2013). From the above study it was inferred that aging individuals preferred yoga to medication, not only to increase functional performance and physical ability, but also to increase quality of life. Rai, Ramesham, Sathian and Sinu (2013) conducted a study on 280 married individuals, aged 30 to 55 years of which 164 individuals were Raja Yoga practitioners and 116 were non-yoga practitioners, to assess the effects of yoga on life satisfaction and happiness. It was found that yoga practitioners were happier and more satisfied with life than non-yoga practitioners. Also Rajayoga Meditation significantly increased life satisfaction and happiness in life further enhancing positive thinking (Rai, Ramesham, Sathian and Sinu, 2013). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased life satisfaction and enhanced positive thinking. Ivtzan and Papantoniou (2014) studied the effect of yoga on three dimensions of psychological wellbeing: gratitude, life satisfaction and meaning in life on 124 participants, aged 18 to 40 years, with equal number of individuals with and without yoga experience. The research findings stated yoga practitioners scored higher on all scales (Ivtzan and Papantoniou, 2014). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased meaningfulness of life, satisfaction with life and gratitude towards life. Sharma (1986) focused on the application of yoga to modify behaviour for achievement of self-actualization. The scheme of yoga fits the Hierarchy of Needs Model by Maslow where self-actualization is the final goal after satisfaction of psychological, safety, love and esteem needs. According to Sir Aurobindo, ego is the source of all conflicts, which if continues, leads to mental ill health and disorders (Sharma, 1986). In 1988, Hoffman stated that self-actualization is a continuous process of becoming satisfied with one’s life. According to Maslow, the desire for fulfilment in all aspects of life caters to becoming actualized. Diener and Tay tested Maslow’s theory in which 60,865 participants representing all continents of the world were surveyed from 2005 to 2010. They answered questions regarding six needs closely resembling those of Maslow’s needs to assess well-being across three measures, namely life evaluation also called life satisfaction, positive feeling s and negative feelings. It was found that satisfaction of the six needs rendered life satisfaction and positive feelings being greater than negative feelings (Diener and Tay, 2011). Positive psychologists Martin Seligman, Christopher Peterson and others have ascertained the fulfilment of these six needs to contribute to higher well-being and life satisfaction. They also stated that those who successfully fulfill these needs are capable of self-actualization (Coon and Mitterer, 2010). The above literature reviews have stated that the practice of yoga had significantly increased satisfaction with life. Greater experience of a yogic lifestyle increased life satisfaction as individuals grew older. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. INTRODUCTION This chapter comprises of the two sections namely, the statistical analysis of the data obtained and the discussion of the results. 4.2. RESULTS This section entails the statistical analysis of the obtained data for the two groups, yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners using Descriptive Statistics and Independent Samples T-test. Table 4.1. (a) showing Descriptive Statistics for Yoga Practitioners and Non Yoga Practitioners on the Satisfaction With Life Scale. From Table 4.1. (a) showing the descriptive statistics for the two comparative groups it was observed that the total sample (N) consisted of 200 individuals, 100 yoga practitioners and 100 non-yoga practitioners. For the group of non-yoga practitioners, the Mean was calculated to be 23.71 with a Standard Deviation of 3.19. For the group of yoga practitioners, the Mean was calculated to be 27.75 with a Standard Deviation of 2.98. Table 4.1. (b) showing Independent Sample T-test for the sample of Yoga Practitioners and Non-Yoga Practitioners on Life Satisfaction. Table 4.1. (b) shows the Independence Sample T-test for the two comparative groups, yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners on life satisfaction. In the Levenes Test for Equality of Variances, the F value obtained was 0.51 which was significant at the 0.47 level indicating that the homogeneity in the sample was maintained. Thus, equal variances were assumed. In the T-test for Equality of Means, the t value obtained was 9.22 with df value (degree of freedom) of 198 which was significant at the 0.000 level. The mean difference obtained was 4.04. The significant difference obtained between the two comparative groups thus indicated that yoga practitioners showed significantly higher life satisfaction compared to non-yoga practitioners. 4.3. DISCUSSION The present study is a comparative study of yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners on life satisfaction. From the above section, the t value of 9.22 was significant at the 0.000 level. Thus the hypothesis stating that ‘the scores on life satisfaction will be significantly higher for yoga practitioners than non-yoga practitioners’ was accepted because the statistical analysis of the obtained data showed a significant difference between the two groups. In congruence to the above findings, previous researches done on the practice of yoga and satisfaction with life are listed below. Gharote (1982) studied the psychophysiological effects of meditation (Pranayama) and yogasanas on personality and use of yoga in therapy over a period of one year on several individuals who enrolled at the College of Yoga and Cultural Synthesis at Kaivalyadhyama, Lonavala. On various testing grounds, meditation and yogasanas decreased neuroticism, increased extroversion and self-control, self-actualization, happiness and psychological well-being (Gharote, 1982). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased happiness and life satisfaction. Bhushan (1998) studied the effect of a 14 month yoga course on measures of psychological well-being. The Satisfaction With Life Scale and Spielberger’s State Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered before and after the yoga course to 139 employed individuals. When the pre and post intervention scores obtained for the two variables, life satisfaction and anxiety were compared, an interesting finding was seen. There was a significant decrease for those with initial high levels of anxiety, and life satisfaction had increased after the yoga course (Bhushan, 1998 cited in Thomas, 2008) From the above study it was inferred that yoga increased life satisfaction and reduced anxiety. Jhansi (2007) studied the impact of yoga training on self-ideal disparity (incongruence between real self and ideal self) and psychological well-being on an experimental sample of 19 adults who had completed a yoga training course for six months and a control sample of 19 adults who had newly enrolled for the same. The experimental sample was tested after their yoga course and the control sample was tested before it on self-ideal disparity and on a scale of psychological well-being. Results revealed that the experimental group showed higher congruence between real self and ideal self and higher psychological well-being than the control group (Jhansi, 2007). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased life satisfaction and reduced self-ideal disparity. Bakshi and Kumari (2009) studied the effect of practicing yoga on subjective well-being (SWB) and academic performance on 100 adolescents aged 14 to 16 years. After a year of yoga practice, the students had high scores on subjective well-being and showed a gradual increase in academic performance in school (Bakshi and Kumari, 2009). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga increased subjective well-being and ultimately improved their academic performance. Monk-Turner and Turner (2010) conducted a study on an adult sample of yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners to assess life satisfaction along with body, mind, spirit and happiness differences. It was found that yoga practitioners significantly reported more mental wellness, strong morals, healthy values, ability to express their feelings and consider those of others, a positive outlook towards life and high well-being with higher scores on life satisfaction as compared to non-yoga practitioners. Yoga practitioners were also more likely to experience happiness within themselves (Monk-Turner and Turner, 2010). From the above study it was inferred that satisfaction with life along with mental wellness, positive outlook and happiness increased with the practice of yoga. Malhotra and Nangia (2012) studied the influence of regular practice of yoga on cognitive skills and well-being on 19 regular yoga practitioners who were tested on outcome measures of attention, remote memory, mental balance, immediate and free recall, verbal and visual retention, and on a measure of well-being. Results indicated that the practitioners obtained high scores on all cognitive measures and well-being (Malhotra and Nangia, 2012). From the above study it was inferred that practice of yoga not only enhanced well-being but it also sharpened cognitive skills. Dubey (2012) studied the role of perceived control (a belief that individuals are capable of influencing the events in their lives to deal with stressors and their inner states) in continuing yoga for six months every day, and its effect on health and well-being on regular, irregular and non-yoga practitioners aged 22 to 60 years. Various tests were administered before the course and six months after it. Perceived control was a good predictor of life satisfaction and health in the regular yoga group and thus they were more satisfied with life and had better health scores than the irregular yoga and the non-yoga practitioners (Dubey, 2012). From the above study it was inferred that yoga practice increased life satisfaction and promoted better health outcomes. Bankar, Chaudhari and Chaudhari (2013) studied the impact of long-term yoga on sleep quality and quality of life on 65 adults aged 60 years and above. Scores of yoga practitioners on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Quality Of Life Leiden-Padua (LEIPAD) Scale were compared with a non-yoga group of the same age. The yoga group was found to have higher life satisfaction with better sleep quality than the control group (Bankar, Chaudhari and Chaudhari, 2013). From the above study it was inferred that regular yoga exercises helped to improve sleep quality as well as quality of life. Basavaraddi, Gangadhar, Hariprasad, Koparde, Sivakumar, Thirthalli, Varambally and Varghese (2013) studied the effect on yoga on sleep, life satisfaction and quality of life on 220 individuals aged 40 to 55 years. 133 subjects in the yoga group attended a yoga intervention twice a week for six months. 87 individuals formed the non-yoga practitioner group. After the yoga group had completed the course, both groups were administered with tests. The yoga group had scored significantly higher on all the domains of quality of life, had higher satisfaction with life and better sleep quality after the intervention (Basavaraddi, Gangadhar, Hariprasad, Koparde, Sivakumar, Thirthalli, Varambally and Varghese, 2013). From the above study it was inferred that the practice of yoga increased life satisfaction as well as quality of sleep. Cramer, Dobos, Langhorst, Lauche and Paul (2013) conducted a comparative study on the quality of life, mental health and life satisfaction between yoga practitioners and non-yoga practitioners on 2486 individuals who were married and employed. Yoga practitio